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Every Friday = hat and day $1.00
Contact Information: Sheri Sims or Cindi Wallace
Check agenda daily!!!
Sims Homework 3/21
homework
Monday- worksheet
tuesday- wb 62,63,64,65,66,67
wed. study
thurs study
fri test on chapter 6 genetics
Chapter 5 section 3 Heredity
- DNA is located on the chromosomes in the nucleus
- deoxyribonucleic acid is the code in DNA
- A large DNA molecule is called a double helix, looks like a twisted ladder
- Each side of the ladder is made up of sugar phosphate molecules and the rungs are made of nitrogen bases.
- the sugar is called deoxyribose
- the nitrogen bases are adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine = A G C T
- C = G and A= T
- characteristic depend on the type of proteins the cells make
- the instructions for making a specific proteins are found in genes
- each chromosomes contains 100’s of genes
- proteins are made of hundreds and thousands of amino acids
- changing the order of amino acids changes the protein
- genes are in the nucleus
- proteins are made in the ribsomes
- the codes for making proteins are carried by RNA to the ribosomes from the nucleus
- mutation are any permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene or chromosome
- mutations can be an extra chromosome, or missing chromosome.
- outside factors that can cause mutations are xrays, sunlight, chemicals
page 146- 147
Chapter 6 section 1 Genetics
- heredity- is the passing of traits from parent to offspring.
- allele- different forms of a trait
- traits are physical characteristics
- alleles are from each parent
- genetics the study of how traits are inherited
- Gregor Mendel was the first to trace one trait through several generations.
- He used probability to explain heredity.
- Mendel studied pea plants because they have many traits and produce a large number of offspring.
- hybrids have two different alleles for a trait
- purebred is one that always produces offspring with the same form of trait as their parent.
- The traits that Mendel studied were shape of seed, color of seed, color of pod, shape of pod, plant height, position of flower, flower color.
- Cross pollination is removing pollen from one plant and brushing it on the second plant. ( removal of stamen to prevent self-pollination)
- alleles are either dominant or recessive
- dominant- is one whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present
- dominant allele always use capital letters.
- recessive is masked or covered up whenever the dominant allele is present
- recessive alleles will only show up if the dominant allele is not present
- recessive alleles use lower case letters.
- mendle studied over 30,000 pea plants in 8 year
- P generation is known as the parent generation
- Offspring were called F1 generation or first filial
- probability is the likelihood that a particular event will occur.
- punnett square is a tool that shows how the law of probability applies to genetics
- punnett square is a chart that shows all the possible combinations of alleles that can result from genetic crosses.
- 1st parent is written across the top of the punnett square
- 2nd parent is written down the left side of the punnett square
- punnett square represents possible combinations
- phenotypes is it physical appearance or visible trait
- genotype is its genetic makeup of alleles
- blue eyes is a phenotype and Bb is a genotype
- homozygous an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait
- heterozygous is an organism that has two different allele for a trait.
- codominance- an inherited pattern
- dominant gene
 | brown eyes |
| dimples |
| freckles |
| unattached earlobes |
| widow’s peak |
| full head of hair |
| hair of fingers |
| curly hair |
| cleft chin |
| can taste PTC |
| tongue twirl |
Chapter 6 section 2 genetic
- incomplete dominance- homozygous traits make a intermediate phenotype
ex. –red flower + white flower = pink flower
chestnut horse + cremello horse = palomino horse
- multiple allele- a trait controlled by more than two allele
- multiple alleles make more than three phenotypes
- blood typing is an example of multiple alleles with 5 phenotypes
- blood phenotypes are A, B, and O
|
Blood type |
Genotype |
|
A |
AO or AA |
|
B |
BO or BB |
|
AB |
AB |
|
O |
OO |
- polygenic inheritance- occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together to produce a trait.
- eye color, height, skin color, hair, milk production, wheat color, and egg production are examples of polygenic inheritance
- Environment also plays a role in the expression of traits controlled by polygenic
- Mutations- changes and errors in DNA
- mutations are harmful when it reduces the chance for survival or reproduction
- Chemicals can cause mutations like x-ray and radioactive substances
- Chromosome disorders extra or missing number of chromosomes
 | Down syndrome three copies of chromosomes 21 -retardation |
| Cri-du-chat syndrome lack # 5 – high cat like cry |
| 22q11 syndrome- cleft lip/palate |
- dominant genetic disorders if one parent carries the genes then passed on
ex. Dwarfism
- Recessive genetic disorders- both parents have a recessive allele for the disease and it is passed on
| Cystic fibosis – a disorder of lungs making thick mucus |
| Tay-sack- fatal nervous system disorder |
| Sickle cell anemia – abnormal shape blood doesn’t produce hemoglobin |
| Hemophilia- blood clots slowly |
- sex linked gene disorders- an allele inherited on the sex chromosome
| color blindness –only males can’t tell red and green |
- sex determination is determine by the sex chromosome-
| XX- female |
| XY male |
- males carry both the female and male chromosome male determines sex of child
- pedigree- a visual tool for following a trait through generations of a family
- males are represented by square females circles
- completely filled square or circle shows the trait half-circle carriers and empty circles do not have trait and are not carriers
- pedigree is also important in breeding plants and animals to determine certain traits
Chapter 6 section 3 advances
- genetic engineering –experimenting with genes
| they use biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of genes |
| genes can also be inserted into cells to change how those cells perform their normal function |
| used to make large volumes of medicines |
| makes plants resistant to disease |
- recombinant DNA – GE is taking a useful segment of DNA from one organism and inserting it into a bacterium
| insulin |
| growth hormones |
- gene therapy- involves inserting working copies of genes directly into the cells of a person with a genetic disorder.
- selective breeding- is the process of selecting a few organism with a desired trait to serve as parents of the next generation
- genome - of an organism is its whole hereditary information and is encoded in the DNA
Sims Homework week of 12/3
Monday- graph
Tuesday- graph
Wed. read pages 538-547 workbook pages 204-206
Thurs.- Read pages 548-554 workbook pages 207-209
Chapter 19
- chemical reaction- the process that produces a chemical change
- reactants – the substance that react
- product- the substance that forms as a result of the reaction
- chemical equation- shorthand that tells the reactants, products, physical state, and amount.
- chemical equations uses:
· words
· chemical names are called formulas
- Reactants + Reactants -à Products
- that arrow is produces
- there may be more than one product if so use + signs between each
- formulas- uses chemical names
- subscript- small number that tells how many of each atom is present
- conservation of mass- the mass of product is the same as the mass of the reactants
- balancing chemical equations- both sides are equal
Na + AlCl3 à NaCl + Al
KBr + Cl2 à KCl + Br
H2O2 à H2O + O2
- Energy released during a chemical reaction
· Heat -exothermic or endothermic
· Sound
· Light
· electricity
- endothermic reaction- absorbs heat
- exothermic reactions- releases heat
- activation energy- the minimum amt. of energy needed to start a chemical reaction
- rate of reaction- tells how fast a reaction occurs after it has started
- reaction rate affected by:
· temperature changes and affects rate
· concentration
· surface area
- inhibitor a substance that slows down a chemical reactio
- catalyst- speeds up a chemical reaction
- enzymes- a large protein molecules that speed up a chemical reaction needed for your body to work properly
- enzymes
· body convert food to fuel
· convert extra energy to fat
· produce other enzymes
Wallace- Language Arts Week of 11/26
Figurative language project
Simile- comparison between 2 things using like or as
A simile is a comparison of two unlike things using the words like or as. For example, in the sentence, "The lion purred like a kitten," the lion's purring is compared to that of a kitten's. Similes give the reader a new way to see or understand something and can create a strong mental picture.
Metaphor- comparison between 2 things not usually compared and not using like or as
A metaphor is a comparison of two different things to show a likeness between them. Metaphors do not use the words like or as when making comparisons, as do similes. Sometimes, they say that one thing is another, such as " her teeth are pearls". Metaphors also suggest a comparison. For example, in the line, "The fog comes in on little cat feet", from "The Fog" by Carl Sandburg, the fog is being described as if it were a cat.
Idiom- (Idiot phrase)- A phrase that has no meaning from the meaning of the words
An idiom is a phrase that is made up of words which can't be understood by literal, or ordinary, meaning. For example, the idiom, or expression, "hit the road", has nothing to do with going out your door and smacking your street. It really means "go away".
Hyperbole- an exaggeration
A hyperbole is an exaggeration of the truth, usually meant to be humorous or funny. The sentence, "I can eat a million ice cream cones", is an exaggeration of the true fact that the speaker likes ice cream cones.
Writers and poets use hyperbole to get a point across or to be funny.
Symbolism- Things or items representing others
Personification- giving inanimate objects human characteristics
Personification is the technique of giving a non-human thing human qualities such as hearing, feeling, talking, or making decisions. Writers use personification to emphasize something or make it stand out. Personification makes the material more interesting and creates a new way to look at every day things.
Irony- When the reverse of what you expect to happen actually happens
Speaking in such a way as to imply the contrary of what one says, often for the purpose of derision, mockery, or jest.
Onomatopoeia- When the words make the sound they represent
Onomatopoeia is the use of words whose sounds make you think of their meanings. For example; buzz, thump, pop.
Alliteration- When the first sound of a word is repeated in the next words
Alliteration is the repetition (repeating) of a consonant sound at the beginning of two or more words that are next to each other or near each other to create a feeling or mood. For example, in the sentence, "Fly away, my fine feathered friend!" the "f" sound is repeated over and over again.
*********
********* Students will create a figurative language handbook. They will use each of the above devices and create 2 pages of examples for each device. For example, students will write a simile on the bottom of a page. They will draw and color a picture representing what they have said. There should be 2 pages for each device. The student should have 18 pages of examples plus a front and back cover.
The booklets will be graded on the example, meaning, and color with each page counting as five points each.
This has been gone over in class. Students were instructed to copy down the written examples.
These are due December 11, 2007
Science book and workbook week of 11-26
Mon- read pages 495-499 wb 191-192
Tues read 592-597 wb page 220-222
Wed. read page 598-604 wb 223-225
Thurs read 606-613 wb 226-228
Physical Science
Chapter 20
1. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.
2. Light and air do not take up space and they have no mass
3. physical properties- is a characteristic that you can observe without changing composition
· state of matter
· color
· shape
· smell, look, taste, feel, hear
· freezing point- temperature when liquidà solid
· melting point- temperature solid à liquid
· boiling point- temperature liquidàgas
· density- the amount of mass in a given volume
· solubility- the number of grams that will dissolve in 100ml of water
4. Chemical properties is a characteristics that do change the chemical nature of matter.
5. two types of changes that affect matter
Physical change changes in size, shape or states of matter
Chemical change- changes its identity
6. physical changes
· Melting
· Freezing
· Vaporization- liquid to gas
· Condensation-gas to liquid
· Sublimation- solid to gas
· Deposition- gas to solid
7. chemical change
· Color change
· Gas produced- bubbles form but not from boiling
· Precipitate (insoluble solid) is formed
· Odor change
· Light given off
· Heat given off or taken in
8. law of conservation of mass – is the total mass of the matter is the same before and after a physical or chemical change
Chapter 17
- atom is the smallest particle that makes up matter
- Democritus- a Greek philosopher
| All matter is made of atoms |
| There are empty spaces between atoms |
| Atoms are complete solids |
| Atoms do not have internal structure |
| Atoms are different in size, shape and weight |
- Law of conservation of matter – states that matter is not created or destroyed – it only changes form
- law of conservation of mass- states that the mass of an object does not change before or after chemical or physical change
- Scientist use models of atoms to understand them
- Dalton’s atomic theory of matter
| Matter is made up of atoms that are too small to see |
| Each type of matter is made of only one kind of atom |
- size of atoms – it would take 1 million atoms to be size of a thickness of hair
- nucleus – the central part of the atom
- protons- positive charged particles in the nucleus
- electrons – negative charged particles that float outside and around the nucleus
- neutrons- neutral no charge particles that are inside the nucleus
- electrons are arranged in energy levels
- lowest energy level is closest to nucleus and can contain only 2 electrons
- Electrons move in an electron cloud
- electron cloud is a spherical cloud with varying density
- protons and neutrons are broken down into quarks
section 2
- elements- is matter made of only one kind of atom
- 115 elements are known
- 90 occur naturally
- 25 synthetic elements - made by nuclear reactions by scientist with machines called particle accelerators
- synthetic elements common uses
| medical testing |
| smoke detectors |
| pace makers batteries |
- Periodic Table a chart that contains the elements
- elements are organized by their properties
- The rows are called periods
- the columns are called groups or families
- à element-
àatomic number – number of protons in nucleus
à symbol shorthand for periodic table and formulas
à atomic mass average mass of isotopes of elements
- isotopes – are atoms of the same elements that different numbers of neutrons
- mass number- is the number of protons plus the number of neutrons
- atomic mass –is the weighted average mass of the isotopes of an element
- symbol u stands for atomic mass
- 3 groups of elements
| Metals |
| Metalloid |
| Non-metals |
- metals
· shiny
· metallic luster
· good conductors of heat and electricity
· malleable hammered into thin sheets
· ductile stretch into wire
· opaque will not let light pass through
· solid at room temperature
- nonmetals
· dull
· transparent
· poor conductors of heat and electricity
· non-ductile
· brittle- easily damaged or destroyed
· solid liquid or gas at room temperature
· human body made of 97% nonmetals
- metalloids-
· solids at room temperature
· some shiny
· many conductors
· between metals and nonmetals on periodic table
- alloys are a mixture of two or more metals
36. Families or groups in the periodic table.
· Each columns represent a family.
· Hydrogen is not in a family
· Families have same number of electrons in outer layer
37. Families
· Alkali metals column 1
1. form compounds
2. 1 electron in outer layer
3. easy to react
· halogens column 17
1. 7 electrons in outer layer
2. most reactive non-metals
| Noble gas column 18
|
38. common Elements to know
|
Iron |
Fe |
Metal |
|
Nickel |
Ni |
Metal |
|
Carbon |
C |
Non |
|
Aluminum |
Al |
Metal |
|
Lead |
Pb |
Metal |
|
Iodine |
I |
non |
|
Potassium |
K |
Metal |
|
Neon |
Ne |
Non |
|
Chlorine |
Cl |
Non |
|
Hydrogen |
H |
Non |
|
Nitrogen |
N |
Non |
|
Mercury |
Hg |
Metal |
|
Gold |
Au |
Metal |
|
Copper |
Cu |
Metal |
|
Silver |
Ag |
Metal |
|
Tin |
Sn |
Metal |
|
Helium |
He |
Non |
|
Oxygen |
O |
Non |
|
Sodium |
Na |
Metal |
|
Arsenic |
As |
Metalloid |
Chapter 17 section 3 Chapter 21
- substance – matter that has the same composition and properties throughout
- compound – is when two or more elements are combined
- formula tells you which elements make up a compound as well as how many atoms of each element are present
- subscript is written below and to the right of the number tells how many atoms of that element exist.
- common compounds
| . H2O water |
| CO2 carbon dioxide |
| NaCl salt |
| C6 H12O6 sugar |
7. mixture- two or more substances elements or compounds come together
but don’t combine
8. Types of Mixtures
|
Solutions |
Suspension |
Colloids |
|
Homogeneous mixture |
Heterogeneous mixture |
Dispersions |
|
Spread evenly |
Separate pieces |
Homogeneous mixtures |
|
Gasoline |
Salad |
Jelly |
|
Margarine |
Trail mix |
Glue |
|
Salt- water |
Oil and water |
Milk |
|
Soft drinks |
|
Fog |
|
|
|
Jello |
7. separating mixtures
1. evaporation
2. filtering
3. magnetism
4. sieving
8. homogeneous mixtures- the same throughout also known as a solution
9. heterogenous mixtures- parts that are different from one another
10. solute – the substance that dissolves
11. solvent- the substance that dissolves the solute
12. crystallization a solute that comes back out of it’s solution and forms a solid is physical change
13. precipitate a solid forms resulting in a chemical change
14. aqueous – a solution in which water is the solvent
15. universal solvent – water is because it can dissolve so many things
16. soluble- a substance that dissolves in another
17. solubility- is a measurement that describes how much solute dissolves in a given amount of solvent
18. Affects on Solubility
· Temperature
· Stirring
· Shaking
· Crushing
19. saturated- the maximum amount of solute that a solvent can not dissolve
20. concentrate- how much solute is present compared to the solvent
21. substances can be classified as acids, bases, or neutral on a pH scale
22. Acids- react with other substances
· Sour taste
· Turns blue litmus paper red
· Produce hydrogen ions
22. bases –
| Taste bitter |
| Slippery |
| Red litmus paper turns blue |
| Produce hydroxide ions |
23. litmus paper is a special paper with dye used to test for acid or bases